Virus removal

is a part of the DSP as the risk of virus contamination is present in all biotechnological products from animal cells. A contamination with viruses is possible via the production cells or the medium (that can get into the cells and the product). Three methods of virus removal are possible with applicable single-use technologies: (1) the virus inactivation, (2) the virus adsorption and (3) the virus filtration ^{75, 76, 77}.