Spargers

are aeration systems and an important element in bioreactors for aerobe processes. Most frequently, ring spargers are applied ^{4, 56} that display macrospargers. They generate large bubbles and once these burst this causes high shear forces, bringing with it the danger of cell damage.

Alternatively, microsparger can be used, the smaller bubbles of which cause less shear stress, but whose formation is accompanied by a generation of a stable, hardly opposable foam layer.