Sensors
monitor processes. It is possible to couple reusable sensors via aseptic connectors or to use already integrated single-use sensors 68. The latter can be used, for example, for measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration (see oxygen sensors), the carbon dioxide concentration (see carbon dioxide sensors), the pH-value (see pH sensors), the pressure, the flow rate, the conductivity (See conductivity sensors), as well as the concentration of substrates, metabolites or biomass 20.