Ecobalance

includes the whole life cycle of a defined system from the raw material with its extraction and processing, the manufacture and use, up to disposal or recycling. Studies covering the ecobalance of antibody productions show a higher environmental sustainability for plants using single-use systems compared to reusable stainless-steel production plants. Using single-use systems causes reduced water (87 %) and energy consumption (30 %) and less CO₂ (25 %) emission ^{29, 57, 58}. See CO₂-footprint and LCA.