Aseptic sampling systems for single-use bioreactors

are gamma-sterilized (see gamma-sterilization) and preassembled sampling systems. The majority of single-use bioreactors is already equipped with one or multiple connections, valves or vessels for sampling, such as bags, manifolds, flasks or tubes. Sampling is generally conducted by needle-free clave connectors or single-use syringes with Luer Lock ports.